![]() In addition, Hsfs regulate genes coding for proteins with various functions ( Brooks et al., 2014 Fragkostefanakis et al., 2016, 2018 Huang et al., 2016 Tian et al., 2019). Heat stress transcription factors (Hsf) control the majority of transcriptional alterations that occur in heat stressed cells including many heat shock proteins (Hsp) ( Scharf et al., 2012). The accumulation of specific metabolites prior to HS can also affect the molecular HSR such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has a thermoprotective role ( Taylor et al., 2010). For instance, antioxidants (e.g., flavonoids) are required for ROS detoxification and osmolytes (e.g., sugars and proline) contribute to the cellular water content adjustment and protection of membrane integrity ( Rizhsky et al., 2004 Guy et al., 2008). These changes are required for the accumulation of proteins and metabolites with protective functions ( Paupière et al., 2014 Chaturvedi et al., 2016 Echevarría-Zomeño et al., 2016). Changes in mRNA levels lead to alterations in the proteome and consequently in the metabolome landscape. ![]() The transcriptional reprogramming marked by the induction or repression of hundreds of genes is central for HS response (HSR) ( Ohama et al., 2017). Plants trigger a cascade of reactions to acclimate to and survive heat stress (HS) conditions ( Zhu, 2016). Our results show that beyond the control of the expression of Hsfs and HSPs, HsfB1 has a wider activity range by regulating important metabolic pathways providing an important link between stress response and physiological tomato development. The latter is due to the enhanced transcription of genes coding key enzymes in both pathways, in some cases in both non-stressed and stressed plants. OE of HsfB1 leads to the accumulation of products of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, including several caffeoyl quinic acid isomers. Leaves of HsfB1 knock-down plants show an accumulation of metabolites with a positive effect on thermotolerance such as the sugars sucrose and glucose and the polyamine putrescine. In tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum), manipulation of HsfB1, either by suppression or overexpression (OE) leads to enhanced thermotolerance and coincides with distinct profile of metabolic routes based on a metabolome profiling of wild-type (WT) and HsfB1 transgenic plants. Instead, the Hsf-dependent reprogramming of metabolic pathways and their contribution to thermotolerance are not well described. The thermotolerance-related function of Hsfs is mainly based on the regulation of many heat shock proteins (HSPs). Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) are the core regulators of transcriptome responses as they control the reprogramming of expression of hundreds of genes. Plants respond to high temperatures with global changes of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.
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